The fourth Summer School on “Aggression, Self-Defense, and International Law” was held on September 1–2, 2026, at the School of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran.The opening ceremony was attended by Dr. Mohammad Reza Dehshiri, Dean of the School of International Relations, Dr. AmirhosseinNikbin, DeputyDean of the School, and Dr. Sadat Meydani, Scientific Secretary of the Summer School and faculty member of the School of International Relations.In his opening remarks, Dr. Dehshiri emphasized the importance of international law in today’s world. Referring to war as a political reality, he stressed that even during armed conflicts, the legal rules governing warfare must be observed, including the rules prohibiting the use of force and the rules governing the conduct of parties to armed conflicts. The first day featured four academic sessions. Dr. Mohsen Abdollahi, faculty member at Shahid Beheshti University, addressed “Aggression in International Law.” This was followed by a session on “Self-Defense in International Law” delivered by Dr. Pouria Askari, faculty member at AllamehTabataba’i University. Dr. MahnazRashidi, faculty member at Shahed University, delivered the third session on “Protection of the Environment in Armed Conflicts.” The final session of the day, on “War Crimes in the Jurisprudence of International Criminal Tribunals,”was presented by Dr. Fereydoun Jafari, faculty member at Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan.The second day continued with four sessions addressing key aspects of international humanitarian law. Dr. Amir Maghami, faculty member at the University of Isfahan, discussed “The Law Governing International Waterways in Armed Conflicts.Dr. Nazhandimanesh, faculty member at AllamehTabataba’i University, addressed “Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflicts.” The third session, on “Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflicts,” was delivered by Dr. AlirezaKazemiAbadi, international lawyer and former Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Netherlands. The final session was delivered by Dr. Mohammad Masjed-Jamei, former Ambassador of Iran to the Holy See, who discussed “Protection of Religious Institutions in Armed Conflicts.”The Summer School concluded with a closing ceremony and the presentation of certificates of participation. The ceremony was attended by Dr. Mohammad Reza Dehshiri, Dean of the School of International Relations. The two-day academic program concluded with a group photograph commemorating the fourth Summer School.